Problems with regulating the activity of and interaction between various parts of the brain are also thought to contribute to the condition.
Variations in certain genes that provide instructions for proteins that react to or transport serotonin have been associated with an increased risk of OCD. Variations in other genes involved in communication in the brain may also be associated with the condition. However, not all people with OCD have an associated variation, and not all people with the variations will develop OCD.
In addition to genetic factors, researchers are studying environmental factors that might contribute to OCD, including complications during pregnancy or childbirth and stressful life events.
However, none have been conclusively associated with this disorder. It seems likely that environmental conditions interact with genetic factors to determine the overall risk of developing OCD. The inheritance pattern of OCD is unclear. Overall, the risk of developing this condition is greater for first-degree relatives of affected individuals such as siblings or children as compared to the general public.
For unknown reasons, the risk of inheriting the disorder appears to be higher in some families than in others. However, most people who have a close relative with OCD will not develop the condition themselves.
Genetics Home Reference has merged with MedlinePlus. Learn more. The information on this site should not be used as a substitute for professional medical care or advice. Contact a health care provider if you have questions about your health. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. From Genetics Home Reference. Description Obsessive-compulsive disorder OCD is a mental health condition characterized by features called obsessions and compulsions.
Frequency OCD is a common condition, occurring in about 2 percent of the population. The condition can be so debilitating that it is among the top twenty causes of disability in the world. Most people with OCD receive a diagnosis by the time they turn 19, but some people may not be diagnosed until later in life, after The disorder is characterized by a combination of obsessions and compulsions that make it difficult for sufferers to function in their daily lives. The most common obsessions that people with OCD have are obsessions about germs and contamination.
For example, a person with OCD may be anxious about touching doorknobs for fear of becoming contaminated with germs or becoming sick. To lessen their fear and anxiety, a person with OCD may compulsively wash their hands several times, for a specific amount of time after they touch a doorknob.
In the case of someone fearful of contamination, they may rub their skin raw from washing their hands so frequently. OCD symptoms can vary significantly from one person to the next, and obsessions and compulsions can be as varied as the people who suffer from OCD.
While one patient may have an obsession or extreme fear of contamination, another person may be obsessed with spiritual cleanliness.
They may compulsively pray or offer other religious supplications to quell their anxiety. Anxiety disorders like OCD have been in existence for centuries, and until the modern era, sufferers had few options to manage their symptoms effectively.
While it is difficult to determine an exact cause of OCD, experts believe several risk factors make a person more likely to develop this condition. For example, genetics likely play a role in OCD development because people who have close relatives, such as a parent or sibling, with the disorder are more likely to develop it.
There is additional evidence that people with OCD have some abnormalities in brain structure, and environmental issues like childhood trauma are also related to OCD. Additional research suggests that prenatal risk factors, such as maternal smoking during pregnancy, premature birth, and complications during labor and delivery increase the risk of OCD.
Studies have also suggested that females may be susceptible to developing symptoms of OCD during pregnancy or postpartum, as well as after beginning their menstrual cycles, during menopause, or following a miscarriage.
Additional risk factors identified in the research include parenting practices, with individuals who experienced parental rejection or parental overprotection sometimes being more likely to develop OCD. Finally, stressful and traumatic life events and repeated stress seem to be linked to OCD. While studies have found multiple risk factors associated with OCD, the reality is that no one knows for certain what leads a person to develop this condition.
Risk factors give an idea of why some people may develop OCD while others do not, but studies can sometimes be inconsistent. Generally, it is not one single factor, but rather a combination, that leads to a mental health condition like OCD. According to prevalence data , around 2. Within a given year, 1. Still, women are slightly more likely than men to be affected, as 1. Within a given year, OCD prevalence is higher among younger compared to older adults, with the following rates of OCD seen among various age groups:.
The term, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a modern medical term from the 20th century. A passage from the Malleus Maleficarum , the 15th century compendium of witchcraft and psychopathology, describes a priest brought to Rome for exorcism: ' [w]hen he passed any church, and genuflected in honour of the Glorious virgin, the devil made him thrust his tongue far out of his mouth when he tried to engage in prayer, [the devil] attacked him more violently' [ 11 ].
Obsessions and hand-washing rituals resulting from guilt were immortalized in the 17th century by the Shakespeare character Lady Macbeth: '[ Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Epidemiology Obsessive and compulsive symptoms are common and not all of them may be accounted for a full-threshold OCD.
Diagnostic criteria The main features of OCD are the obsessions and compulsions. Figure 2. Neurobiology and genetics There is growing evidence based on several lines of research that OCD and OCRDs involve abnormal metabolism in specific areas of the brain.
Figure 3. Conclusion A better understanding of the clinical phenomenology, etiology and therapy of obsessive-compulsive-spectrum disorders will provide clinicians with important information about the effective management of these conditions.
Specifically, we suggest the following: 1. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions MF conceived the study and wrote the main document.
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