They will be either lucky or wrong. This can only happen when organization has occurred between the head coach, assistants, managers and players, with any ambiguity removed because everyone knew what it took and was directing all energy toward team goals, versus individual views. Sport can be a highly intense environment at the best of times. Blood is pumping, sweat pouring off everyone, emotions and senses are heightened.
Everyone wanting to do their best to get the desired outcome for their team. Albeit you as coach and your athletes have already played it over in your heads a million times before you get to the day itself. Being prepared for it because you have seen it before and know how to combat the situation. We see too often a game played out where both teams are back and forth in the first half and when it gets to halftime, scores are close.
There are too many factors that can impact ones mental state regarding sport performance to detail in this short blog, but what we know is that being organized as coach and by virtue, preparing your team, will provide better results over your teams journey together.
Getting organised is a powerfully resilient way to build your self-confidence. I would start with an assistant coach or two. Great assistants will embrace anything required for the improvement of the team. They are an extension of you and coming back to being organized, you want to make sure they also have clarity on how to approach certain situations and continue to promote the same views of the coaching staff and wider team.
They also know, in case of emergency, to get on the phone and give me a call first before responding to anything! Most of you are giving up spare time to coach sports and we know it takes up a lot of it.
However, spend a little extra time preparing and organizing yourself and team. Protein helps muscles repair and grow. Increasing protein intake to between 1.
These percentages are often modified based on the sport and body type of the athlete. Using grams per kilogram of body weight to develop a nutritional plan for an athlete is ideal. Athletes need to eat well-balanced meals and to supplement with additional proteins i.
Supplementing with vitamins and minerals may be needed for some athletes with specific nutritional needs, such as vegans. Nutrient timing also plays an important role during training and should be practiced by coaches wishing to optimize training results and promote recovery Specifically, carbohydrates and protein need to be consumed immediately after exercise Performance enhancing supplements also need to be considered when discussing the nutritional needs of athletes.
Three ergogenic aids that are recommended for athletes include caffeine, creatine, and beta-alanine 6,18, These supplements work through specific physiological mechanisms that can improve performance. However, coaches need to be educated about these products before making recommendations to athletes. Several articles have been published indicating proper dosage and the specific benefits for each substance and can be accessed for free on the Internet 6,18, Understanding nutrition is a start towards reaching optimal performance.
Multiple factors can influence overall performance; however, starting with the basics, such as nutrition, can lead to greater improvements in performance regardless of the training program. Utilizing an ideal training program while implementing a proper nutritional program will enable athletes to realize optimal enhancements in performance.
Thus, many athletes develop a desire to produce successful performance and gain mastery of any task completed. For example, an athlete may not only want to win the contest but may also aspire to perform sport skills exceptionally well in order to produce peak performance.
Without question, coaches have an opportunity to assist athletes with performance enhancement. Therefore, a primary responsibility of coaches is to motivate their athletes to perform at optimal levels. As Locke and Latham 26 stated, practitioners and researchers have examined empirical research concerning goal setting for almost four decades.
During this time, Locke and Latham 25,26 developed a goal setting theory that is well established on the review of approximately laboratory and field research investigations. Results indicate assigned specific, difficult goals i. Interestingly, a positive, linear relation between goal difficulty and performance is evident when an individual is committed to the goal, has developed the ability i. As a positive athlete-coach relationship develops, many athletes begin considering their coaches to be role models.
Hence, coaches should communicate with their athletes in order to assist them with the development of personal goals. In a professional manner, a coach may provide an athlete with constructive feedback concerning skill development, safety, nutrition, or injury prevention.
The formation of SMART goals can provide an athlete with the motivation and commitment to yield athletic success. Coaches need to be aware athletes should develop a series of short-term goals which allow measurable progress toward achieving a long-term goal. For example, one may create a goal to reduce running time to complete a 5K race by 5 seconds within the next 4 months.
After four months, a coach can assist the athlete with evaluating athletic performance and determine if the short-term goal was accomplished. Make certain the athlete possesses the skill and motivation to successfully pursue the established long-term SMART goal.
Coaches should also realize group goal setting may be an effective strategy for enhancing group performance in sport and physical activity 19,7. For example, members of a team may establish a goal to score at least 50 points per game for the next four weeks. As described in previous sections, coaching education includes knowledge from several disciplines. This will determine what kind of knowledge the coach needs and how it will be applied.
The final piece of the coaching puzzle centers on how to make the coaching process athlete centered. No matter what the specific training discipline, a coach needs to understand the stages of athletic development in addition to knowledge of how individuals grow and mature.
Athletes progress through several training stages as they get older and become more accomplished in their sport. For the most part training stages are age related 3,5.
Training stages also take advantage of periods of accelerated adaptation for various training components. For example, significant increases in aerobic capacity occur after the onset of peak height velocity so aerobic training should take priority during this period which generally lasts for 12 to 18 months 3. The accelerated period for learning skills occurs from about 8 to 11 years of age for girls and 9 to 12 years of age for boys, so during this period it makes sense to focus on skill development 3.
Speed has two periods of accelerated adaptation, one as a result of changes in the central nervous system 6 to 9 years of age , and the other resulting from changes due to training stimuli 11 to 13 years of age for girls and 13 to 16 years of age for boys 3. By periodizing on a career scale, coaches can take advantage of these various periods and be assured that athletes are being provided with training appropriate with developmental goals. Most countries use an athlete development system that focuses on performance outcomes.
This involves getting as many young athletes as possible into training programs and then focusing on the elite performers. The problem with this method is that sport governing bodies rely on early maturing youngsters—those who are simply bigger and stronger than their peers and who, almost inevitably, perform better in sport. The outcome model tends to quickly discard those who do not measure up, and while this may not be by design it happens often enough to be considered a characteristic of the model itself.
In the outcome model young athletes are treated as small adults, following the same training and competition patterns as older athletes. Late maturers are discouraged from continued sport participation since the outcome model rewards early maturers with more coach contact, encouragement, and social recognition due to their early ability i. A better model might focus on the process of developing an athlete.
This model is more inclusive because the path from instruction, to training, and finally, to competition is paved with intentionally stage-appropriate activities and training. Early maturing or physically precocious youngsters do not affect this model.
In a process model, stages of physical and athletic development are paired so that athletes are receiving the instruction and training they need at times when it is most beneficial. By deliberately focusing on process rather than outcome providers of youth sport will be able to keep youngsters involved in programs for longer periods.
Over the long term this will help athletes develop an appreciation for physical activity and sport. It will also help sport governing bodies reduce the early vs. By making a conscious effort to keep all athletes involved through stage-appropriate modifications in training and competition, sport governing bodies will provide a better sport experience for everyone and increase the likelihood of developing elite athletes from those who might otherwise have dropped out from participating in sport.
Not only will this enlarge the pool of talent available to national sport governing bodies but it will also increase the likelihood that athletes will continue to be physically active throughout life. Specifically, as youths progress into adulthood, these individuals will have the competence to use skills and knowledge they acquired in organized sports to remain healthy and physically fit. However, burnout refers to the long-term effects of overtraining or inappropriate training based on the age of the athlete.
Symptoms of burnout are frequent or chronic injury, lack of progress in training and competition, and general dissatisfaction with the sport 1 ; the key component is long-term involvement in training programs.
Dropout refers to the phenomena of athletes simply quitting their sport participation prematurely. Coaches should realize dropout is more detrimental to the athlete and the sport governing body. Following accepted athlete development guidelines and constructing career periodization plans which adhere to these guidelines, coaches can reduce both dropout and burnout.
In over 44 million youth participated in youth sport activities throughout the United States Since millions of young athletes participate in adult organized and supervised activities coaches must gain a solid understanding of performance enhancement and proper coaching methods. By providing a better sport experience for all participants more children will have the skills and knowledge needed to participate in life-long activity.
Maintaining a physically-active lifestyle may help alleviate present-day mental and physical health issues associated with youth obesity. Ultimately, coaches should be passionate about teaching sport skills to their athletes. Coaches must be life-long learners of sport in order to properly train their athletes for peak performance. As the profession of sport coaching has evolved and sport has become a multi-billion dollar industry, many coaches have discovered sport incorporates both physical and mental training.
Based on the guidance and leadership of Dr. Rosandich, the United States Sports Academy has created the American Coaching Patterns; a six-course program, embracing six basic fundamentals of training: stamina, strength, flexibility, agility, speed, and skill.
This article presented information which coaches should utilize when training their athletes. These six courses, which comprise the American Coaching Patterns, emphasize sports administration, coaching methods, sports medicine, strength and conditioning, sports psychology, and athlete development.
Baker, J. What do we really know about early sport specialization? Not much! High Ability Studies, 20 1 , Balint, G. Study regarding the verbal and nonverbal communication during the training of the Romanian national ski jumping team. Science, Movement and Health, 2, Balyi, I. Coaching the young developing performer. Becker, A. Buford, T. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: creatine supplementation and exercise.
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 4, 6. Burke, S. Friend - Over the years of working with an athlete a personal relationship is built up where as well as providing coaching advice you also become someone, a friend, who they can discuss their problems or share their success with. It is important to keep personal information confidential because if you do not, then all respect the athlete had for you as a friend and coach will be lost. Facilitator - Identify suitable competitions for them to compete in to help them achieve their overall objectives for the year.
Factfinder - Gathering data of national and international results and to keep abreast of current training techniques. Fountain of knowledge - This may be part of the advisor role in that you will often be asked questions on any sporting event, events that were on the television, diet, sports injuries and topics unrelated to their sport.
Instructor - Instructing athletes in the skills of their sport. Mentor - When athletes attend training sessions, you are responsible, to their parents and family, for ensuring that they are safe and secure. You have to monitor their health and safety while training and support them should they have any problems or sustain any injuries. Motivator - Maintain the motivation of all the athletes the whole year-round.
Organiser and planner - Preparation of training plans for each athlete and organise attendance at meetings and coaching clinics. Role Model - A person who serves as a model in a particular behavioural or social role for another person to emulate. The way you conduct yourself while in the presence of your athletes provides an example of how they should behave - what sort of example should we be providing to someone else's children?
Perhaps one of the most important roles of a coach. Supporter - Competition can be a very nerve-racking experience for some athletes, and often they like you to be around to help support them through the pressures.
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